The Arc de Triomphe 
 

 
Sainte Chapelle

 
Tour Saint-Jacques 
 

 
The dome of Les Invalides

The Eiffel Tower was designed by the French engineer and bridge builder Alexandre Gustave Eiffel (1832-1923) for the Paris Exposition of 1889. The tower is 300 m (984 ft) high and consists of an open iron framework making it the highest manmade structure in the world at the time. It was the largest attraction at the Exposition and today it remains the most recognized structure in all of Europe. 

It was nearly never built. 

After being awarded the contract to build the tower, Eiffel discovered that the Exposition Committee would only grant about a fourth of the monies needed to construct it. Eiffel himself would have to finance the balance. He struck a deal that would make him a very rich man. He agreed to independently find the funders for his tower but he wanted sole control of the tower and its profits for twenty years. They agreed. In a surprise to everyone, including Eiffel, the tower was paid off in the first year. 

The deal that Eiffle hammered out is probably what saved the tower from destruction. Many in the arts and civic leaders felt the tower was an abomination. "They have only erected the framework of this monument, It has no skin" 

The whole idea that iron -- just iron -- could be beautiful, flew in the face of architectural history. Everyone knew that the great cathedrals and palaces had all been built of stone with the careful craft of ornamentation which adorned them. Sure, iron can play a part in an unseen, underlying structure such had been done with the Statue of Liberty, but to leave it exposed was just poor taste. It was like showing your dirty laundry. 

A Committee of Three Hundred was formed and they petitioned for its demise: 
 

Honored compatriot, we come, writers, painters, sculptors, architects, passionate lovers of the beauty of Paris -- a beauty until now unspoiled -- to protest with all our might, with all our outrage, in the name of slighted French taste, in the name of threatened French art and history, against the erection, in the heart of our capital, of the useless and monstrous Eiffel Tower. 

Are we going to allow all this beauty and tradition to be profaned? Is Paris now to be associated with the grotesque and mercantile imagination of a machine builder, to be defaced and disgraced? Even the commercial Americans would not want this Eiffel Tower which is, without any doubt, a dishonor to Paris. We all know this, everyone says it, everyone is deeply troubled by it. We, the Committee, are but a faint echo of universal sentiment, which is so legitimately outraged. When foreign visitors come to our universal exposition, they will cry out in astonishment," What!? Is this the atrocity that the French present to us as the representative of their vaunted national taste?" And they will be right to laugh at us, because the Paris of the sublime Gothic, the Paris of Jean Goujon, of Germain Pilon, Puget, Rude, Barye, etc. will have become the Paris of Monsieur Eiffel. 

Listen to our plea! Imagine now a ridiculous tall tower dominating Paris like a gigantic black factory smokestack, crushing with its barbaric mass Notre Dame, Sainte Chapelle, the  Tour Saint-Jacques, the Louvre, the dome of Les Invalides, the Arc de Triomphe, all our humiliated monuments, all our dwarfed architecture, which will be annihilated by Eiffel's hideous fantasy. For twenty years, over the city of Paris still vibrant with the genius of so many centuries, we shall see, spreading out like a blot of ink, the shadow of this disgusting column of bolted tin.9

Although built of iron, it is an inherently inferior material and a single beam is unable to withstand large stresses. That is why the tower appears over engineered by today's standards. Though, from this very weakness its' simple beauty is found. If you look at the tower, the tight lattice work of beams sort of mimic the biological cellular structure of a plant.  

In 1855, Sir Henry Bessmer discovered a process of converting iron into steel thereby making it much stronger and lighter, but the evolution from invention to practical use and mass production took many years. Steel would eventually replace iron and would bring the "sky scraper" to the city skylines of America and in 1885 (actually four years prior to the Eiffel's tower), William LeBaron Jenney built the Home Insurance Building in Chicago -- the first sky scraper. 
(Mary Louis King, "A History of Western Architecture" pp.175-195) 

Years Built: 1887-1889 for 1889 Universal Exhibition and Centennial of the French Revolution 
Engineers : Maurice Koechlin and Emile Nouguier 
Architect : Stephen Sauvestre 
Contractor : Gustave Eiffel 
Occasion for Construction:  1889 Universal Exhibition  
Construction Period: 23 January 1887 to March 1889 (2years,2months,5days) 
Tower inaugurated: March 31, 1889 

Number of Iron Workers: 300  
Number of Workers Killed during Construction: 1 
Rivets: 2,500,000 
Iron pieces: 18,038  

Height: 300.51 meters (986 feet) (+/- 15 cm depending on temperature) 
     1st level -  57 meters 
     2nd level - 115 meters 
     3rd level - 276 meters 
Height including television antenna: 320.755 meters (1052 feet) 
Weight: 7,000 tons (1,000 tons removed during 1990's renovation)  
Base: 412 feet square, although also noted as about 2.5 acres 
Foundation Pressure: 58.26 to 64 psi (9000 psf) 
Paint: 50 tons every 7 years 
Paint Color: Dark Brown 

Steps to Top: 1789 (Birnbaum), 1671 (Joseph Harriss), 1652 (others) 

(Eiffle Tower Facts)